Guides to Citations, Footnotes and Bibliographies
Detailed guides to source types, styles, identifiers, and bibliography quality control.
What Is a Citation?
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
conceptBibliography, Reference List and Footnote — Differences
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
workflowHow to Create a Bibliography
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Book
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Book Chapter
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Journal Article
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Website
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Website Without an Author
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Source Without a Date
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a YouTube Video
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Podcast
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Film
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite an Image or Photograph
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Report
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a Dataset
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite Software
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
sourceHow to Cite a GitHub Repository
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
aiHow to Cite ChatGPT
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
aiHow to Cite an AI-Generated Image
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
styleAPA 7 — Essential Rules
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
styleMLA 9 — Essential Rules
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
styleChicago 18 Author-Date Guide
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
styleChicago 18 Notes and Bibliography Guide
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
styleISO 690:2021 Guide
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
styleIEEE Citation Guide
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
styleVancouver / NLM Guide
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
styleHarvard — Why Are There Multiple Variants?
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
styleOSCOLA — The Basics
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
identifierWhat Is a DOI and How Do You Use It?
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
identifierWhat Does an ISBN Identify?
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
formatBibTeX Guide
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
formatRIS Import and Export Guide
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
formatWhat Is CSL-JSON?
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
workflowHow to Move a Bibliography from Zotero
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
workflowHow to Remove Duplicate References
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
workflowHow to Check a Bibliography Before Submission
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
workflowHow to Write an Annotated Bibliography
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
conceptWhen Should You Include an Access Date?
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
identifierDOI vs URL — Which Should You Include?
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
conceptHow to Cite Multiple Authors
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
conceptCorporate Authors in Citations
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
conceptNarrative vs Parenthetical Citations
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
conceptHow to Add Page Numbers to Citations
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
conceptHow to Cite a Secondary Source
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
conceptHow to Cite Multiple Sources at Once
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
workflowHow to Sort a Bibliography
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
workflowHow to Change Citation Style
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
workflowCommon Citation Generator Errors
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.
workflowWhy Imported Metadata Must Be Checked
Practical rules, required fields, an example, and a checklist.